The Confederacy is comprised of four distinct, yet culturally and linguistically related, nations:

1. Siksika (Sik-sik-a): The "Blackfoot" people, who are often referred to as the Northern Blackfoot.

2. Kainai (KY-ny): The "Many Chiefs" people. They are also known as the Blood Tribe, a name given by Europeans that is still in common use.

3. Piikani (pee-KAH-nee): The "Piegans" or "Scabby Robes." This nation is divided by the Canada-U.S. border into two separate bands: the Aapátohsipikani (Northern Peigan) in Alberta and the Aamsskáápipikani (Southern Piegans) in Montana.

4. Amskapipikuni (am-skapi-pi-KUNI): The "Blackfeet" in Montana.

While these nations maintain their own distinct governance and identities, they are united by a common language (Blackfoot), shared spiritual beliefs, deep kinship ties, and a common history as allies who defended their vast territory together.

The culture of the Siksikaitsitapi is a profound expression of life on the Great Plains, shaped by the landscape, the sky, and, most importantly, the bison (Iinii).

• Relationship with the Bison: The bison was the center of their universe. It provided everything necessary for life: food for sustenance, hides for tipis and clothing, bones for tools, and sinew for thread. The health and movement of the bison herds dictated their seasonal rounds and spiritual ceremonies.

• Society: The Siksikaitsitapi had a highly organized social structure based on bands (extended family groups) and societies. These societies (for both men and women) had specific ceremonial and social responsibilities, which provided order and purpose within the nation. Leadership was not hereditary but earned through wisdom, generosity, spiritual power, and success as a provider and protector.

• Spirituality and Worldview: Their spiritual beliefs are complex and deeply connected to the natural world. They see the universe as a place filled with sacred power. Key spiritual figures and ceremonies, such as the Sun Dance (Okan), are central to renewing the world and maintaining balance. Sacred bundles, which are collections of spiritually powerful objects, are passed down through generations and are considered living entities that hold the well-being of the people.

The Kainai Nation, whose primary reserve is located between Lethbridge and Cardston, Alberta, is one of the largest and most prominent members of the Blackfoot Confederacy.

• Name: Their name, Kainai, means "Many Chiefs," reflecting a history of strong and numerous leadership. The name "Blood" is an exonym, a name given by outsiders. There are several theories about its origin, one being that it referred to their mastery of a red ochre face paint. Today, the nation uses both Kainai and Blood Tribe.

• Treaty and Territory: The Kainai are signatories to Treaty 7, signed in 1877 at Blackfoot Crossing. The Blood Reserve (No. 148) is the largest reserve by land area in Canada, a testament to the vast territory they historically occupied and negotiated to retain.

• Resilience and Modern Nationhood: The Kainai Nation has a powerful story of resilience. After the bison disappeared in the late 19th century, they adapted to a new reality of ranching and agriculture, becoming successful ranchers on their vast grasslands. Today, the Kainai Nation is a modern and dynamic government, managing its own extensive agricultural operations, health services, educational institutions (including Red Crow Community College), and social programs. They are leaders in the revitalization of the Blackfoot language and the continuation of their sacred ceremonies, ensuring that the strength and wisdom of the Siksikaitsitapi way of life endures for future generations.